---
id: 8507
title: "Post-Quantum Signatures, Part 2: From Trees to Forests"
source_domain: certik.com
source_url: "https://www.certik.com/blog/post-quantum-signatures-part-2-from-trees-to-forests"
published_at: "2026-05-31T17:00:00Z"
tags: ["web3", "cryptography", "post-quantum", "best-practices", "hash-based-signatures", "merkle-tree", "quantum", "security-insights", "xmss", "ots-keys", "rfc-8391"]
phying_url: "https://phying.com/item/8507"
lang: en
---

# Post-Quantum Signatures, Part 2: From Trees to Forests

## Summary

XMSS organizes one-time signature keys into Merkle trees and hyper-trees, a practical post-quantum signature scheme with compact proofs and fast verification, at the cost of strict state management.

## Intelligence Metadata

- **Sources:** certik.com
- **Published:** 2026-05-31T17:00:00Z
- **Original:** https://www.certik.com/blog/post-quantum-signatures-part-2-from-trees-to-forests
- **Phying News:** https://phying.com/item/8507